How Citizens in Sanctioned Countries Access Crypto Exchanges

How Citizens in Sanctioned Countries Access Crypto Exchanges

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How this works: In sanctioned regions, users prefer DAI because it's non-custodial and can't be frozen. USDC/BUSD are vulnerable to regulatory action.
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When governments cut off access to banks, payment systems, and foreign currency, people don’t stop trading. They find another way. In countries under international sanctions-like Iran, North Korea, and Russia-citizens have turned to cryptocurrency not as a luxury, but as a lifeline. It’s not about speculation. It’s about survival. Buying medicine. Sending money to family. Paying for education. Getting paid for work done online. Crypto doesn’t ask for a passport. It doesn’t care which flag you fly. And that’s why it’s become the most reliable financial tool for millions trapped behind digital walls.

How They Get In When Exchanges Are Blocked

Most major exchanges-Coinbase, Binance, Kraken-have compliance teams that block users from sanctioned countries. But that doesn’t stop people. They don’t need to sign up on those platforms directly. Instead, they use intermediaries: peer-to-peer (P2P) marketplaces, decentralized exchanges (DEXs), and Telegram-based bots that operate outside traditional oversight.

In Iran, users often trade through local platforms like Nobitex or Digifin. But when Tether froze 42 Iranian-linked wallet addresses in July 2025, users didn’t panic. They moved. Fast. Within days, thousands switched from USDT to DAI, a stablecoin built on the Polygon network. Why? Because DAI is decentralized. It’s not controlled by a single company. And Polygon’s infrastructure is harder to shut down than centralized payment rails.

In Russia, after Garantex was shut down in March 2025-with over $26 million seized by German and Finnish authorities-the entire user base migrated to Grinex. The new platform looked almost identical. Same interface. Same customer support. Same wallet addresses. Only the name changed. This isn’t rare. It’s standard. When one exchange gets hit, another pops up in its place, often hosted on servers in Dubai, Turkey, or Southeast Asia.

The Tools They Use

Bitcoin remains the most popular asset for sanctioned users, making up 65% of all crypto transactions linked to these regions. Why? Because it’s the most liquid, the most recognizable, and the hardest to trace back to an individual if used correctly. Ethereum comes second at 18%, mostly used for smart contracts and stablecoin swaps. But the real game-changer has been stablecoins.

DAI, USDC, and BUSD are the hidden workhorses. They let people store value without volatility. But USDC and USDT are centralized. Tether and Circle can freeze wallets. DAI can’t. It’s governed by code, not CEOs. So when sanctions hit, users switch to DAI like flipping a switch. They use decentralized bridges like Across or Synapse to move funds across chains without touching a regulated exchange.

Mixers and privacy tools are also common. Tornado Cash-style services saw five major enforcement actions in 2024, but they’re still used. Not because users want to hide crime-they want to hide from surveillance. In Iran, people don’t want the government knowing they bought food online. In Russia, they don’t want their salary flagged as “suspicious.” Mixers help blur the trail.

A ghostly crypto exchange with identical interface appears as the old one shuts down, with Dubai towers in the distance.

How Exchanges Get Around the Rules

Some exchanges never intended to serve sanctioned countries. They just didn’t check. ShapeShift, a Swiss-based platform, paid $750,000 to OFAC in 2025 for letting users from Cuba, Iran, Sudan, and Syria trade on its site. Why? No KYC. No IP blocking. No compliance team. That’s still common among smaller platforms, especially those operating out of jurisdictions with weak oversight.

Then there are the ones that knowingly skirt the rules. Exved, a payment processor based in Turkey, helps Russian businesses import dual-use goods-things like microchips and medical equipment-by routing crypto payments through shell companies. MKAN Coin, a Telegram-based exchange run from Dubai, mirrors Garantex’s entire business model. It doesn’t have a website. It doesn’t need one. It has a Telegram group with 80,000 members. Users send crypto. They get cash in local currency via local agents. No bank involved.

Why Enforcement Keeps Failing

The U.S. Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) has sanctioned 57 individuals and entities for crypto-related violations as of 2025. That’s up from just 3 in 2018. They’ve added over 1,200 crypto wallet addresses to their Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) list. They froze $150 million in a DeFi protocol in January 2025-the first time they ever targeted a smart contract. They’re spending more, acting faster, and working with INTERPOL and Europol.

But they’re fighting a moving target. Every time a platform gets blocked, users shift to a new one. Every time a stablecoin is frozen, they switch to another. Every time a mixer is shut down, a new one appears with better obfuscation. The total value of illicit crypto transactions tied to sanctioned entities over the past two years? $6.9 billion. That’s not a drop in the bucket. It’s a flood.

Even when enforcement works, it’s not always effective. Iran’s crypto inflows dropped 11% in early 2025 after Tether’s freeze. But activity didn’t stop. It just got quieter. More decentralized. More creative. The Iranian government even passed a new law in August 2025 taxing crypto profits-treating it like gold or forex. That’s not repression. That’s recognition. They know crypto isn’t going away.

A sentient mixer shaped like a toilet spins crypto coins while NFT portals and Bitcoin volcanoes glow nearby.

Where the World Lets Them In

Sanctioned citizens don’t just rely on dodgy platforms. They use countries that welcome crypto with open arms. Dubai’s Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA) lets anyone trade crypto tax-free. Over 1,000 crypto firms operate there. Singapore has no capital gains tax and strong anti-money-laundering rules-perfect for users who want legitimacy without exposure. El Salvador made Bitcoin legal tender. No taxes on foreign crypto income. No questions asked.

These places don’t have to know who you are. They don’t have to care. As long as you’re not laundering drug money or funding terrorism, you’re welcome. And that’s the loophole: the global patchwork of crypto regulations. One country bans you. Another welcomes you. The system is designed for freedom, not control.

What This Means for the Future

The arms race between regulators and users is accelerating. OFAC is now targeting DeFi protocols, not just exchanges. They’re freezing smart contracts. They’re pressuring developers. But users are responding with even more decentralized tools-DAOs that manage treasury funds, NFT-based identity systems, and cross-chain bridges that don’t require KYC.

The real question isn’t whether people in sanctioned countries can access crypto. They already do. The question is: how long will the rest of the world pretend they can stop them? Every freeze, every ban, every legal threat pushes more people into crypto-not because they love Bitcoin, but because they have no other choice. And in a world where banks can cut you off overnight, crypto isn’t a revolution. It’s just the only option left.

17 Comments
  1. dhirendra pratap singh

    This is why the West is doomed 😭😭😭 They think they can control money? HA! People will always find a way. Even if you block every exchange, every wallet, every bridge - someone in a basement in Tehran will still send DAI to their sick mom. You can’t sanction human need. #CryptoIsFreedom

  2. Ashley Mona

    Really appreciate this breakdown - especially the part about DAI vs USDC. So many people don’t realize how much governance matters. DAI’s not perfect, but it’s the closest thing we have to a truly censorship-resistant stablecoin. Also, the fact that people are using Across and Synapse bridges? Genius. 🙌

  3. Edward Phuakwatana

    Let’s not romanticize this. Yes, crypto is a lifeline - but it’s also a vector for sanctions evasion that enables autocrats, black markets, and war economies. The same DAI that buys insulin in Iran also buys drone parts for the IRGC. We’re not talking about ‘freedom’ here - we’re talking about systemic regulatory arbitrage. The tech is neutral, but the use cases? Not even close. 🤔

  4. Suhail Kashmiri

    lol so now crypto is a human right? next they'll say oxygen is illegal so we should mine it on the moon. these people are breaking laws, not fighting oppression. stop glorifying criminals.

  5. Kristin LeGard

    Of course they use crypto - because the U.S. and EU are the ones who created the mess. Sanctions are just economic warfare dressed up as morality. If you want to stop this, stop being hypocrites. Don’t sanction entire populations and then act shocked when they use Bitcoin to survive. 🤷‍♀️

  6. Arthur Coddington

    So what? People use crypto. Big deal. The whole thing’s a scam anyway. Bitcoin’s not money, it’s a meme. DAI’s just another ponzi. The real story? Governments are losing control. And that’s terrifying for people who like order. But order doesn’t feed kids. So yeah - let them use crypto. It’s not helping anyone long-term.

  7. Phil Bradley

    I’ve been following this for years. The shift from centralized exchanges to Telegram bots? That’s the real revolution. No website. No customer service. Just a group chat and a guy with a phone and a stack of cash. It’s like the Wild West, but with QR codes. And honestly? It’s beautiful. 🌍

  8. Stephanie Platis

    It’s important to note: Tether’s decision to freeze Iranian wallets was not merely a compliance issue - it was a moral failure. As a privately held company, Tether has no legal obligation to serve sanctioned users - but it does have an ethical one. Money is not a privilege. It’s a basic human necessity. And when a corporation chooses profit over survival - we should all be ashamed.

  9. Michelle Elizabeth

    Wow. So… people are using crypto. How… unexpected. I mean, who knew that when you cut off access to banks, people would turn to… digital money? Next you’ll tell me that when it rains, people get wet. Truly groundbreaking journalism.

  10. Joy Whitenburg

    omg i just read this whole thing and i’m crying. like… seriously. people are using crypto to buy medicine?? that’s insane. and the part about garanex moving to grinex?? that’s like a ghost switch. so cool. and daiiiiii is the real MVP. i’m gonna start using it tomorrow. 🙏❤️

  11. Kylie Stavinoha

    This is a profound case study in decentralized resilience. The migration from USDT to DAI isn’t merely technical - it’s a sociopolitical act of reclamation. When institutions fail, communities self-organize through protocol-level trust. The fact that Iran’s government now taxes crypto profits signals a paradigm shift: the state recognizes the irreversibility of financial sovereignty. This isn’t evasion - it’s evolution.

  12. Diana Dodu

    Let me get this straight - we’re supposed to be okay with people using crypto to bypass sanctions? That’s how terrorist groups fund themselves. This isn’t ‘survival’ - it’s enabling rogue regimes. The U.S. has a responsibility to protect global security. If you’re helping Iran buy medicine, fine. But if you’re helping them buy missiles? That’s treason. And you’re all complicit.

  13. Raymond Day

    OFAC froze $150M in a DeFi protocol?? 😂😂😂 They think they’re fighting a war with spreadsheets? The devs just forked the code, renamed it, and launched it on a new chain. It’s like playing whack-a-mole with ghosts. And the fact that Dubai’s welcoming this? Classic. The world is moving on. The U.S. is just screaming into the void.

  14. Noriko Yashiro

    Really fascinating how this mirrors the underground banking systems of the 1980s - hawala networks, cash couriers, barter economies. Crypto just digitized it. The core human behavior hasn’t changed. We always find a way to trade. Always. The tech just makes it faster.

  15. Atheeth Akash

    Good read. I live in India, and we’ve seen similar things with remittances. People use crypto to send money home when banks freeze accounts. It’s not perfect, but it works. Respect to everyone keeping the system alive.

  16. James Ragin

    Let’s be honest - this whole article is a psyop. The U.S. government is letting this happen. Why? Because they want to destabilize these countries. Crypto is a Trojan horse. They’re using it to drain resources, track movements, and identify dissidents. Every DAI transaction is logged. Every bridge is monitored. They want you to think you’re free - so you keep using it. And then… they come for you.

  17. BRYAN CHAGUA

    What’s striking is how little this changes the fundamental power dynamics. Even with crypto, the people who suffer most are the ones with the least access to tech, the least digital literacy, and the least bandwidth. Crypto isn’t a panacea - it’s a tool. And like any tool, it only helps if you know how to use it. We need to focus on education, not just access.

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